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The following list consists of notable concepts that are derived from both Islamic and Arab tradition, which are expressed as words in the Arabic language. The main purpose of this list is to disambiguate multiple spellings, to make note of spellings no longer in use for these concepts, to define the concept in one or two lines, to make it easy for one to find and pin down specific concepts, and to provide a guide to unique concepts of Islam all in one place. Separating concepts in Islam from concepts specific to Arab culture, or from the language itself, can be difficult. Many Arabic concepts have an Arabic secular meaning as well as an Islamic meaning. One example is the concept of dawah. Arabic, like all languages, contains words whose meanings differ across various contexts. The word ''Islam'' is itself a good example. Arabic is written in its own alphabet, with letters, symbols, and orthographic conventions that do not have exact equivalents in the Latin alphabet (see Arabic alphabet). The following list contains transliterations of Arabic terms and phrases; variations exist, e.g. ''din'' instead of ''deen'' and ''aqidah'' instead of ''aqeedah''. Most items in the list also contain their actual Arabic spelling. __NOTOC__ ==A== ; (عبد) (for male) (أمة) (for female): servant, worshipper, slave. Muslims consider themselves servants and slaves of God. Common Muslim names such as Abdullah (Servant of God), Abdul-Malik (Slave of the King), Abdur-Rahmān (Slave of the most Beneficent), Abdus-Salām (Slave of Peace), Abdur-Rahîm (Slave of the Merciful), all refer to names of Allah. ; ʾAdab (أدب) : Traditionally describes good manners, as in etiquette. For example, being courteous is good ʾadab. However, the term can be used very broadly, and the proper translation would be "the proper way to go about something," as in the example, ʾĀdāb al Qitāl, or, "The Proper Ways of Fighting in War," (Qitāl in Arabic means mortal combat) in which the word "etiquette" does not befit the context. A secondary meaning of ʾAdab is "literature". ; ʾAdhān (أذان) : call to salat (prayer), sometimes alternatively spelled and pronounced Azan, Athan and Adhan. ; ʿAdl (عدل) : justice, especially distributive justice: social, economic, political, environmental. ; AH (هجرية): ''Anno Hegirae'' The Islamic calendar starts counting years starting from the time when Muhammad had to leave Mecca and go to Medina, an event known as the Hijra. The first day of the first Islamic year is 1 Muḥarram 1 (AH) and corresponds to 16 July 622 (CE). ; ʾAḥad (أحد): literally "one." Islamically, ahad means One Alone, unique, none like God. Al-Wahid is one of the names of God. ; ʾAḥkām (أحكام): rulings and orders of the Qu'ran and Sunnah. Five kinds of orders: Wajib, Mustahab, Muharram, Makruh, and Halal. Singular Ḥukm. ; ʾAhl al-Bayt (أهل البيت ) : members of Muhammad's Household. Also known among Shia as the Maʿṣūmūn (معصومون) (infallibles; spiritually pure). ; ʾAhl al-Fatrah ( أهل الفترة) : people who live in ignorance of the teachings of a revealed religion, but according to the "Fitra", the "Natural Religion" innate to human nature as created by God. ; ʾAhl al-Kitāb (أهل الكتاب ) : "People of the Book", or followers of pre-Islamic monotheistic religions with some form of scripture believed to be of divine origin which were mentioned in Quran: Jews, Christians. ; ʾĀkhirah (الآخرة) : hereafter or eternal life ; ʾAkhlāq (أخلاق) : The practice of virtue. Morals. ; Al-ʾIkhlāṣ (الإخلاص)- Sincerity : Genuineness in religious beliefs. ; Al-Birr (ّالبر) : Piety and righteousness and every act of obedience to Allah. ; (عالمين) : Literally "worlds", humankind, jinn, angels and all that exists. ; Al Hijr (Kaaba) ; A semi-circular wall north-west of Kaaba. ; ʿalayhi -s-salām (عليه السلام) : "Peace be upon him" This expression normally follows after naming a prophet (other than Muhammad), or one of the noble Angels (i.e. Jibreel(), Mikaeel(), etc.) ; (الحمد لله) : "Praise be to God!" Qur'anic exclamation and also same meaning as hallelujah. ; Allāh (الله): The Arabic name of God. ; Allāhumma (اللَّهُمَّ) : "O God." ; Allāhu ʾAkbar (الله أكبر) : "Allah is the Greatest." Islamic expression. ; (عالِم) : One who knows. A scholar (in any field of knowledge); a scientist (who knows science) or a theologian (who knows religion); similar to Japanese sensei, "teacher". ; ʾAmānah (أمانة): the trust. Of all creation, only human beings & jinns carry the "trust", which is free will. ; ʾĀmīn (آمين): Amen. ; (أمير المؤمنين) : In some countries like Morocco, a ' or Commander of the faithful is the religious chief. ; ʾĀminah (آمنة) : Muhammad's mother. Aminah fell sick and died in Abwa, near Madina (then Yathrib) when Muhammad was six years old. ; Al-ʾAmr Bi'l Maʿrūf (الأمر بالمعروف) : Islamic doctrine of enjoining right. There exists in Islam the (obligatory) principle of encouraging other people to do the right thing. ; ʾAnfāl (أنفال): Spoils of war. (See Sūrat al-ʾAnfāl (8:1)) (سورة الأنفال)〔(Sūrat al-ʾAnfāl ) corpus.quran.com〕 ; (أنصار): "Helpers." The Muslim converts at Medina who helped the Muslims from Mecca after the Hijrah. ; (عقيدة) : Article of faith, tenet, creed, or dogma. ; ʿAqīqah (عقيقة): Islamic practice of shaving the head of the newborn male and contributing the weight in silver for charity as well as 2 lambs. One lamb is slaughtered for a baby girl. ; (عقل): Intelligence, intellect, mind, understanding ; ʾArkān singular rukn (ركن/أركان) : The five rukn "pillars" of Islam. (See rukn) ; A.S. (ʿAlayhi s-salām) (عليه السلام): This acronym evokes a blessing and is appended to the names of the prophets who came before Muhammad. It will also be applied to the mothers of those prophets. When following a woman's name, the feminine form is ʿAlayha s-salām. ; ʾAṣl ( أصل ) (pl. ʾuṣūl) : Root, origin, source; principle. ; ʾaslim taslam (أسلِم تسلَم): "Submit to Islam" (See dawah) ; (أسماء الله الحسنى): List of God's 99 names. According to a hadith, the one who enumerates them all will enter Paradise. ; (العصر): The third salat prayer. The time of the day before sunset and after noon. also means "era". ; (الصراط) : The bridge by crossing which it is determined (judged) whether a person would go to heaven or hell. How a person crosses the Sirat depends on what they have done in their life and what they have believed in. ; al-ʿAsharatu Mubashsharun bil-Jannah or just ʿAsharatu Mubashsharah (): The ten companions of Muhammad who were promised paradise (only in Sunni Islam) ; (عاشوراء) : Tenth day of the month of Muharram. It is the day God saved Moses and the children of Israel from the Pharaoh. The grandson of the prophet Muhammad, Imam Hussayn sacrificed his life along with 72 of his companions on the sand dunes of Karbala. Sunni Scholars recommended to fast during this day. To the Shias, it is also a day on which they mourn the death of the third Shia Imam, Husayn ibn Ali, along with his family and companions, who were killed in the famous battle in Karbala. They cry and weep and organize lamentating programmes where they not only learn how to live a proper Islamic life and improve their Spiritual Self but also cry at the end of the ritual to show their true love and faith towards imam Hussayn. ; (السلام عليكم): The Islamic greeting; literally "Peace be upon you"; In addition, ' (ورحمة الله وبركاته) means "and the Mercy of God and His blessing". The response to this greeting is ' (وعليكم السلام ورحمة الله وبركاته) --"And on you be the Peace and Mercy of God and His Blessing". ; ʾAstaghfir allāh (أستغفر الله): "I seek forgiveness from God." Islamic expression. ; Aʿudhu billah (أعوذ بالله ''ʾAʿūdhu billāh''): "I seek refuge in God". This is a paraphrase on the beginnings of the two last suras in the Qur'an. ; (أولياء): Friends, protectors, helpers, caretaker, maintainer. (singular: wali) ; (عورة) : The parts of the body, male or female, must be covered in public but not between spouses, such as, body parts must be concealed of a woman before non-related men.(non-related men means she can marry those men lawfully). ; ʾĀyah (آية), plural ʾāyāt (آيات) : A sign. More specifically, a verse in the Qur'an. ; ''Āyatullāh'' (آية الله, also spelled ''Ayatollah''): ''Sign of God'' Title given to highly ranked religious scholars in Sh'ia sect. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Glossary of Islam」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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